The son of an old friend comes to visit, and it is natural to come out in person every year.Ma Shaoguang was led into the back of the house by the Fangfu family, saw that Fang was greeted at the door of the study every year, and hurriedly walked a few steps forward to politely: "The lower official visited the adults in the ministry, and the lower official as a junior and subordinate, how dare the elderly go out to greet them?"Deadly, dead!” /p

Fang every year as Ma Shaoguang's direct superior, can go out to meet is really to Ma Shaoguang face. /p

Fang smiled and said: "Zihengheng, this is at home, do not use the officialdom of the set, the old man and your father are friends of the same year, a few years younger than your father, you can call the old uncle!" /p

Ma Shaoguang listened to the fact that he quickly changed his mouth every year, and said his uncle. /p

Fang took Ma Shaoguang into the house every year, the family offered tea, Fang asked: "Ziheng, this road can be hard?" /p

"Uncle, there is a peaceful situation south of the Yangtze River, but after Yangzhou, there is some decay, and several cities in the north have not recovered from the war."But there is peace on the road, and there are no bandits!”

Fang smiled every year: "This is natural, the beginning of the ten years of divine weapons, the emperor reduced the tax share of the northern provinces to 30%, that is, 70% of the local area, all the money is used to set up a local inspection department to ensure the safety of the provinces, and the money will naturally have an effect!" /p

Fang every year as the head of the national tax book, naturally familiar with the operation of the national tax, see Ma Shaoguang do not understand, began to explain the Ming Dynasty tax for him. /p

The Ming Dynasty tax and the later generations are similar, and they are also divided into two kinds of land tax and state tax, but they are called different.The Ming Dynasty referred to the national tax as the right endowment, the summer and autumn endowments everywhere, the occult food collected, and the three major pays of the late Ming, which were all positive. /p

Of course, the money is handed over to the state, and local governments also need to operate, so in the early Ming Dynasty, the central and local division was seven or three points, that is, the central government took 70% of the current endowment, and 30% of the local government was left for local government operations. /p

This policy was good in the early days of the country, because the population died in large numbers at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, and there were no landowners in the place, so the state could still collect a lot of money, and the central and local governments could ensure smooth operation. /p

However, after the change of Mingying Zong Tumu Fort, the state changed from offensive to defensive force against Mongolia.The guards always cost more than the attack, so the central government began to gradually increase the proportion of sharing, and in the late period of the calendar, in order to suppress the rebellion in various places, it directly cancelled the division system, and all the current talents were to be returned to the central government. /p

It is reasonable to explain that after hundreds of years of peace in the middle of the DPRK, the population of the provinces has increased sharply, and the tax on population increases should be more, why is the tax collection not enough?Quite simply, more people are reading more and more people, and these people are not taxed. /p

In addition to these, there are land mergers in the provinces, and the number of large landowners in the increasing number of officials.This has led to more and more people, the scale of the uprising of the people who cannot survive in various places is also growing, the imperial court is tired of coping, and the fiscal expenditure is getting bigger and bigger, so it has to increase taxes and /p service.

Originally in the north of the "never up" land, Jingtai has all been taxed.In the first year of orthodoxy, the court folded most of the fields in Jiangnan Province, called "golden flowers and silver", and stipulated that rice wheat folded two cents per stone.When it is completed, it increases one or two times the burden on farmers.At this time, raising taxes is tantamount to quenching thirst, although it can quench thirst for a while, it will endanger life.But the rulers of the court could no longer care. /p

In the process of increasing concentration of land and increasing tax service, farmers are naked and hungry.The farmer beat a stone grain and gave the court's tax to eight fights.Some farmers, who pay taxes today and borrow tomorrow, are no longer able to survive.If you can't pay taxes, you have to sell your children and sell your children, but more people choose to go into exile.At the time of Xuande, there were already more displaced people in many areas, and when orthodox, there were no more than 100,000 households from Shanxi exile to Nanyang.Between the ages, the number of displaced people is more than one million.Some areas of the population "fleeed more than half", and even "ten people only have one", the abandoned land "less than a thousand acres, more than 20,000 hectares". /p

During the Ming Dynasty, the government prevented the flow of peasants through measures such as Lijia, Guanjin and the Forbidden Mountains, and sometimes even carried out brutal repression.However, in the ranks of the displaced, there were weapons, there were secret societies, and their own leaders, and the form of struggle in exile developed into an armed uprising. /p

At that time, Zhu Yuanzhang became a monk because he could not eat enough to become a monk, and he still could not survive, so he voted for the army and eventually became a generation of emperors.Ironically, the ideal society he had hoped for had not arrived, but for generations, his descendants had brought the same exile to the people.The people of the morning have become the heart of the morning.Instead of becoming free people in the budding of capitalism, they have become a constant source of soldiers for the insurrectionary army.Huguang, Fujian and Jiangxi, where the land is heavily annexed, and Zhejiang, Sichuan and Shandong, where taxes are heavy, have successively staged small-scale uprisings. /p

A series of peasant uprisings in the middle of the Ming Dynasty forced the Ming government to make some appropriate political reforms in the early years of Jiajing, and implemented measures such as reducing renting and renting, remediating the servitude of the army, and suppressing eunuchs, and abolishing the captain of the jinjing and health-guard. /p

However, due to the prevalence of corruption and huge military expenditure, the financial difficulties of the Ming Dynasty caused by the government, the amount of 2 million per year cannot be filled with half of it.Thirty years ago, the Ming Dynasty government in Nanzhili, Zhejiang and other counties increased by one hundred thousand, called "plus school".In the past 36 years, Jiajing has increased its silver by 400,000 yuan in Jiangnan and other places, which is called "excelling".Later, there were the names of the additions, the additions, the tax deed, the folding of the people, and so on.The landlords of the gentry have the privilege of exempting from service, the lives of the poor peasants are more painful, the people are more displaced, and the insurrection is more complicated.By this time, it was already in the wind. /p

In the face of the imminent death of the Ming Dynasty, history gave the Zhu Dynasty an opportunity to push a person named Zhang Juzheng onto the political stage.As a generation of famous, Zhang Ju is a lover of beauty, still luxurious, it seems that there is no Ming Dynasty famous people's festival.In the text we can see now, we can't see the flavor of the article, but it has the meaning of doing.Zhang Juzheng's life of meritorious service, the first to change the tax system "a whip law", so that the financial situation of the Ming government has greatly improved, and left a valuable legacy for future generations.Now the new law implemented by Zhu Hongsan in Jiangnan is just an enhanced version of Zhang Juzheng's "One Whip Law". /p

A whip, to put it plainly, is to summarize the servitude and grain that should be handed over to the counties in the townships, and the states and counties are aggregated into the government, so that the layers are aggregated, and the amount of silver per stone grain is converted, each serving, the amount of silver, directly handed over silver.Unify the original complicated name into one article, so it is called a whip. /p

Zhang's reform has greatly eased the financial crisis in the middle and late Ming Dynasty, but there is one drawback in China's officialdom, that is, the death of the people.After Zhang Juzheng's death, the reform he advocated was abolished by his good disciple, the emperor of all time, Zhang Juzheng was also copied from the family to dig a grave, and his son was forced to die. /p

At the end of the calendar, in order to raise funds to resist the post-gold invasion and suppress the peasant uprising, the court sent a silver medal to Tian Fujia.Mainly divided into Liaofu, bait, practice, collectively known as "three pay".Liaofu is an addition to raising the Liaodong garrison for the field.Forty-six years of recruitment.At the beginning, each acre was added to three millimeters, and then it continued to be recruited, reaching more than ten centimeters per acre.The pay is an addition to the field of wealth used to raise the money used to suppress the peasant uprising.Ten years of recruitment.According to the old grain amount, six times, each stone folds the money and eight dollars, and another silver one-four-hundred-nine-hundreds of four cents for a period of one year, but later and cancelled at the end.The training is the addition of the military to raise funds to suppress the peasant uprising.Chong Frame 12 years to open, one point per acre of silver. /p

At this time, the state's finance and credit in the Ming Dynasty have been completely bankrupted, the collection of the three major pays is just a matter of drinking and quenching thirst, and the demise of the Ming Dynasty is only a matter of time. /p

The local government is often charged when the state is given, which is also no way, local officials are also people, in order to maintain the operation of local governments, but also need money.Therefore, there are all kinds of bad rules in various places, and what kind of fire consumption, distribution, donation, regularity, etc., can be attributed to local taxes.In the late Ming Dynasty, the local tax imposed by various localities was even several times that of the court. /p

After Zhu Hongsan called the emperor in Guangzhou, he was very aware of the tax system of the Ming Dynasty, and Zhu Hongsan was initially prepared to kill Dr. Jiangnan Shi through the butcher knife of Manqing and Liu Cu, and then played the image of the savior to liberate them, just like the northern provinces. /p

But people are not as good as heaven, Zhu Hongsan forgot that his own gang of guys are also sergeant, with Zhu Hongsan's increasing strength, naturally to accept the south to flee to Jiangnan people, these people in their own purposes of different are drowning Zhu Hongsan earlier Northern Expedition.At that time, Li Chengdong and Jin Sheng Huan anyway, the national anti-Qing situation was very good, so Zhu Hongsan's head was hot, giving up the strategy of making a fortune in Guangzhou that year, and turned around to attack and grab the land. /p

The military generation made Zhu Hongsan's northern crippling very smooth, and those Jiangnan landowners were not yet killed by Zhu Hongsan.In order to long-term stability, we must solve the problem of land mergers, and the culprit of land mergers, those Jiangnan large landowners have stood up for the right team in the anti-Qing, Zhu Hongsan has not been able to kill them with the help of a full butcher knife, so Zhu Hongsan in order to solve the financial crisis had to sacrifice the New Deal. /p

The implementation of the New Deal greatly eased the central government's financial crisis and slowed land mergers across Jiangnan.Zhu Hongsan, who had money in his hands, began to restore the northern economy, the first step was to reduce the financial sharing of various places, reducing the division of provinces such as Shandong and Hebei that were not seriously damaged to 30%, while Henan and Shaanxi, the hardest-hit areas of direct tax relief and tax relief, and at the same time, a large amount of allocations were given. /p

Of course, this money will be partly to be embezzled by local officials, but some of it will be used in practice, so the localities are slowly recovering, and the security in the northern provinces is also greatly improved. /p